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Children represent the population that was affected most severely. An increase in leukemia appeared about two years after the attacks and peaked around four to six years later. For this reason, it may be many years after exposure before an increase in the incident rate of cancer due to radiation becomes evident.Īmong the long-term effects suffered by atomic bomb survivors, the most deadly was leukemia.
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In order for a mutation to cause cancer, it is believed that a series of mutations must accumulate in a given cell and its progeny. In response, a cell will either repair the gene, die, or retain the mutation. In theory, ionizing radiation can deposit molecular-bond-breaking energy, which can damage DNA, thus altering genes. Mutations can occur spontaneously, but a mutagen like radiation increases the likelihood of a mutation taking place.
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Though exposure to radiation can cause acute, near-immediate effect by killing cells and directly damaging tissue, radiation can also have effects that happen on longer scale, such as cancer, by causing mutations in the DNA of living cells. While these numbers represent imprecise estimates-due to the fact that it is unknown how many forced laborers and military personnel were present in the city and that in many cases entire families were killed, leaving no one to report the deaths-statistics regarding the long term effects have been even more difficult to determine. organization) that between 90,000 and 166,000 people died in Hiroshima, while another 60,000 to 80,000 died in Nagasaki. These deaths include those who died due to the force and excruciating heat of the explosions as well as deaths caused by acute radiation exposure. READ MORE: The Hiroshima Bombing Didn't Just End WWII.Within the first few months after the bombing, it is estimated by the Radiation Effects Research Foundation (a cooperative Japan-U.S. The topography of Nagasaki, which was nestled in narrow valleys between mountains, reduced the bomb’s effect, limiting the destruction to 2.6 square miles. More powerful than the one used at Hiroshima, the bomb weighed nearly 10,000 pounds and was built to produce a 22-kiloton blast. Thick clouds over the primary target, the city of Kokura, drove Sweeney to a secondary target, Nagasaki, where the plutonium bomb “Fat Man” was dropped at 11:02 that morning.
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Hiroshima’s devastation failed to elicit immediate Japanese surrender, however, and on August 9 Major Charles Sweeney flew another B-29 bomber, Bockscar, from Tinian. The plane dropped the bomb-known as “Little Boy”-by parachute at 8:15 in the morning, and it exploded 2,000 feet above Hiroshima in a blast equal to 12-15,000 tons of TNT, destroying five square miles of the city. base on the Pacific island of Tinian, the more than 9,000-pound uranium-235 bomb was loaded aboard a modified B-29 bomber christened Enola Gay (after the mother of its pilot, Colonel Paul Tibbets). Hiroshima, a manufacturing center of some 350,000 people located about 500 miles from Tokyo, was selected as the first target. Army Corps of Engineers was tasked with spearheading the construction of the vast facilities necessary for the top-secret program, codenamed “The Manhattan Project” (for the engineering corps’ Manhattan district).ġ6 Images 'Little Boy' and 'Fat Man' Are Dropped government began funding its own atomic weapons development program, which came under the joint responsibility of the Office of Scientific Research and Development and the War Department after the U.S. Japan’s Emperor Hirohito announced his country’s unconditional surrender in World War II in a radio address on August 15, citing the devastating power of “a new and most cruel bomb.” The Manhattan ProjectĮven before the outbreak of war in 1939, a group of American scientists-many of them refugees from fascist regimes in Europe-became concerned with nuclear weapons research being conducted in Nazi Germany. Three days later, a second B-29 dropped another A-bomb on Nagasaki, killing an estimated 40,000 people. The explosion immediately killed an estimated 80,000 people tens of thousands more would later die of radiation exposure. On August 6, 1945, during World War II (1939-45), an American B-29 bomber dropped the world’s first deployed atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima.